記錄關于留學基金委CSC申請的心得

CSC每年都還有在申請，申請的規則和截止日期都要以當年留基委的通知為準，那個是最重要的，學校也會有一些特別的要求，這些材料滿足要求即可。

轉載補記： 關于回國的流程。

回國的時間最好在留學基金委要求的前后一周內回來，省事，也不會出岔子。其他的情況可能要跟當地的大使館打報告或者甚至要打報告回北京和學校，不管怎么都是一件費時又費事的事情。

所以最后權衡再三，我放棄了可能去參加夏令營和暑期學校的機會，在海外待到了八月底。回來之后，要辦的事情很簡單，帶著留學歸國證明（記得離開前，找大使館開好，留學結束前一定要做的事，沒有之一，還有就是找學校開好各種證明包括成績單），和護照（護照要看的是你的簽證是不是已經過期了，其實就是檢查你會不會再出國，雖然這種方式其實并沒有啥用），和填好的表格，到學校的管理留學服務的部門蓋章。然后寄過去就可了。

對了，值得一提的是，現在回國之后的手續都變成了線上，所以沒有這么復雜，我剛好趕到了線下線上交替的時候了，所以耽誤了好久，不過最后一切都是非常順利。
真的到了一年的申請季節，幫老師寫完了自科申請（希望可以中），也準備確定了下一步念書的學校，大概只有這一段閑暇，有機會來更一更關于phd申請的那些事吧。
-- 下面這段內容后來看，還有一些不完善的地方，請大家包含。

關于留學基金委申請的一些心得

寫這段文字的時候已經距離申請快一年的光景，在老師的建議下，我準備把這個申請大致的過程和一些可能需要注意的地方寫下來，希望可以幫到師弟師妹們。
首先寫一些基本情況好了。

為什么要走CSC的項目，其實這個問題也類似于CSC到底能夠為你的留學做什么，其實我的體驗是，就完全是一個fund，類似資金的支持，所以如果童鞋有其他的資金資助，就沒有必要走CSC了，CSC也有規定，凡是拿獎學金到一定數額的也沒有辦法申請。CSC的資助的話，會有小小限制，包括回國時間和回國服務期等等，但是總體上來看，如果沒有其他資金資助，還是很值的申請。

公派留學的名頭，似乎總讓人想到一百多年前中國第一批留美幼童詹天佑他們的狀況，讓人自豪不已的情感吧。
留學基金委的資助項目有挺多的，各類國外的學校和中國的獎學金資助出國項目都是通過留學基金委這個渠道申請的（csc.edu.cn/），所以希望通過這種類似政府獎學金申請留學的建議多關注一下上面的項目，其中包括比較有名的與美國政府部門合作的著名“中美富布賴特”項目。

其中可能與我們最相關的項目是赴國外攻讀博士學位研究生（36-48個月）。注意一下，一般申請的時間都是三月下旬開始，到四月第一周結束(一般是3月20日-4月5日申請，5月公布錄取結果，具體時間以每年的“國家留學基金資助出國留學人員選派簡章”為準--小助手補充一下：2019年報名時間已經改為3月10日至31日)，申請的大多數資料需要在留學基金委的網站上填寫，我們學校會在學校的研究生部和國際事務處的網站上放出我們學校自己的截止時間（一般比正式的截止時間早一周的樣子，但是可以之后補交材料）和材料要求。

首先是在小木蟲論壇的“公派留學”板塊可以找到申請志同道合的網友，這個地方也是尋找PETS-5考試資料的地方，里面有很多帖子關于申請的經驗，遇到需要準備的材料不明白的，可以上去找找看有沒有類似的帖子，一般多多少少可以找到一些前輩的經驗、模板和攻略。

下面我就開始寫一下整個正常的申請流程，我覺得可以首先聯系外導和參加英語考試，這兩部分我強烈建議同時進行。因為申請的第一材料是外國學校的邀請信，所以邀請信提早要到。

很多同學說，想先考出英語成績再要邀請信，我覺得這個理解是不太對的，英語考試對于多數英語不太好的同學，可能是申請過程中占時間最多的一項了，而英語成績其實對CSC申請來說是軟性的約束，身邊有很多同學，最后也沒有托福雅思甚至我考的那個PETS的成績，還是走了CSC，因為CSC提供一個北京的英語培訓，這個很容易過的。

關于邀請信的問題。我沒有聯系因為我走的是校級交換的項目，其實這種校級交換項目我覺得并沒有多好（含金量較低），首先就是學校的限制，并不能真正的選一個自己有興趣的學校，然后也沒有真正意義上的導師，反而在國外的生活更像是授課研究生和本科的課程學習，與真正的研究生活相去甚遠。

具體怎么聯系外導，我沒有這方面經歷就沒有發言權，不過在北京遇到幾個申請到基金委的師兄師姐講，其實沒有很難，現在留學基金委在美國歐洲的學術圈有知名度，你在給教授寫信的時候說明你未來希望可以申請CSC的獎學金（可以告知教授最后要是萬一沒有申請到獎學金，可能就沒有辦法去交流），然后介紹自己的基本情況和研究興趣（可以海投，也可以重點陶瓷一個自己最想去合作的教授）。

據說很多海外老師還是愿意接受這種申請的，因為對于他們來講不用為你支付任何費用，反而多一個免費的幫手，對于缺少研究生的老師答應的概率應該不低的，對于我們申請者來說一般也都是海發郵件去尋找合適的外導。

具體的操作可以看我后面附的陶瓷信的模板，陶瓷的目的是獲得海外的邀請信（邀請信要包含的內容，CSC的網站有詳細說明，我附在后面的一個模板，僅供參考）。我的情況有些不同，因為是參加的我們學校自己的校級交換項目，沒有外導所以就直接拿了校級的合作協議作為邀請信。

尋找外導的同時，建議參加英語的相關考試，可以注意下CSC（留學基金委）對于外語的基本要求，成績的話只要達標就行，我參加的是一年兩次在武漢大學舉辦的PETS-5考試（考試報名方法可以查武漢大學考試中心，需要現場報名），參加考試的原因其實當時也沒有想著申請什么，只是那個考試價格相對TOEFL和IELTS便宜很多（報名費只有兩百塊），所以就參加了，沒想到后面就用到了。

不過對于希望以后進一步出國學習的師弟師妹們，還是直接參加TOEFL考試熟悉一下題型為好，托福考試的一年的次數也多很多，留學基金委的托福要求是95+，我后來在海外考了三四次，都在95分上下，其實95沒有想象的難，所以保持信心一定可以達到的。

申請完外導之后，就是準備推薦信和研究（學習）計劃。這個是需要中英雙語的，但是沒有必要嚴格翻譯。其中中文主要是后期在申請系統里面填寫的，有嚴格的格式要求和字數限制，英文的學習計劃更像是申請學校時的PS + Research Proposal，主要是寫出研究計劃，和項目的標書類似（是否要介紹自己的情況，我也不確定，我當時寫的英文學習計劃的第一段就類似PS，寫了一些動機和個人教育經歷在里面）。

這個研究計劃，大概需要有研究背景、設計和參考文獻之類的，我當時用的是和老師一起寫的一個論文作為研究計劃。我當時詳細寫了，研究背景，目標，假設提出，文獻回顧，甚至研究設計和預期的結果，類似一個博士申請時的研究計劃。

成績單等就相對很容易。本科成績單和學歷學位證書這些可以聯系本科學校檔案館出具中英雙語的，研究生階段找學院的研工辦就可以解決，研究生階段的成績單英文要自己翻譯。

最后是在留學基金的申請系統開放之后，按照要求填寫申請就可以了。唯一要注意的點，在資助時間的月份上面一定要算好，不要像我一樣草草的填寫12個月，這個資助時間是按照天算的很嚴格而且提前超過一周回國按規定也要按天把發放的獎學金退還給大使館。即使因為項目結束，最終如果提前超過一個月回國的話手續相對麻煩，我至今還沒有辦理妥當這件事情。（后來證明，其實在國外續簽簽證遠遠比留基委同意提前回國簡單多了，所以我就續了三個月的申根簽證，待了整整一年完成了留基委的回國任務。）

系統填完后，上傳相應的掃描件，最終會生成pdf文檔，需要打印出來找相應的老師簽字，這個地方需要注意的是，每一次修改申請系統都需要撤銷重新提交，即使是重新上傳附件。而每次重新提交后，生成的pdf文檔的代碼都會更新，這就意味著最好是最終確定了，再去找相應老師簽字，我當時因為中間材料改了幾次，所以找老師簽了挺多次字的。

這個系統和自科的申請系統真是相似啊，果然都是國家的錢，申請的流程如此類似，希望自科能中吧。提交之后，就可以默默祈禱，然后可以把這個拋到腦后了，不用刷論壇了，小道消息往往沒多靠譜（可以加一個公派的群，這樣的話出結果的時候可以第一時間知道），不過一般學院的領導會在正式通知之前兩周左右知道結果，因為這個錄取需要單位同意和批準，他們會提前簽字，所以如果哪個分管科研的領導告訴你這件事了，你一定要感謝他。

到五月份（一般是五月底，有時候六月初），會非常正式公布錄取結果，如果是一個紅色的“喜報”的界面，那就要恭喜你了，表明你已經被錄取了。此時，申請部分已經結束了，最最需要自己努力的階段已經走完了，下一步就都是事務性的了，雖然要做的事情也很多，但是心情肯定是不一樣的。（這個階段，學校會統一組織一個CSC的電視會議，其實沒有啥必要聽，但是學校要簽到，所以沒啥事就去，有事就找個同學代替一下，主要講的內容都是國外注意安全，和留基委秘書長的一些祝賀和勉勵大家的話；具體辦理的手續不會講什么，這個真的需要大家認真閱讀留基委的辦理）。

首先是等國際交流處的老師給你發郵件讓你去領取留學基金委的相應文件材料了，最終辦完派出階段的一些手續，這部分只要按照規則慢慢來，不要急一定沒有問題的。領取基金委材料的時間可能在錄取結果出來后的兩周甚至更久，不過這段時間你可以開始準備去辦理國際健康證、護照和簽證的一些材料、并注冊留學服務中心的賬號（留學服務中國留學網新版 > 首頁是辦理放發獎學金和購買機票的一個機構，就是負責你具體出國安排的，有三個城市可以選擇，在北上廣中，我選擇的是北京，也應該是最大的留服中心）。學校最后會給你的是六本“協議書”（需要和擔保人在公正處公證）和“公派資助證明的中英文信”（多復印幾份，很重要的文件）。

之后大概需要做的事情是去留服中心的網站查詢關于如何辦理簽證的要求，不過根據所在國家不同可能要求不一樣，要自己看清楚。我去的國家是需要自己辦理的簽證并走的是反簽程序，準備諸如財產證明（可以用留學基金委的資助證明）、無犯罪證明的公正和簽證申請、護照復印件和照片等等。

然后公證留學協議和交保證金，這些留學基金委的系統上會有明確的指導，照著要求做，就沒有問題。這個地方唯一要注意的是，簽證可以早點辦理，不用等所有的東西都齊了再去辦理，因為外國駐華大使館也不會考慮你留學基金委的手續是否已經辦完了。所以安排簽證的時間，包括是否去北京面簽等等，都要根據自己的情況計劃好，我當時辦理簽證的時間比較晚，所以也耽誤了一些事情，不過最后還好一切都平安解決了，希望第師妹們一旦確定之后，盡早開始辦理簽證手續。

最后所有都辦完了，就是購買機票的手續了（此時簽證已經下來了），按照要求發送郵件給留服中心，他們會幫你選擇航班購買機票，出發前兩個工作日去北京的留服中心（北京的留服中心距離清北很近）領取前三個月的獎學金（獎學金的領取，是在附近的中國銀行，當天就可以領取，所以注意銀行的營業時間），“報到證”和機票確認單，那個時候如果是自己簽證的話，可以帶著大使館給你的簽證的收據是可以報銷簽證費用的（如果是暑假的話，留服中心可能人較多，建議早去排隊）。關于資助的標準，網上有相應的文件，大概是1000歐元或者美金/月，碩士和博士研究生是一樣的，還包括一次往返機票。

然后就是踏上出國的行程，記得到了國外要拿著“報到證”到相應的使領館報道，并按照他們的要求提交材料就可以了，最后就可開始公派聯合培養的學習了，真正的對你們的考驗和挑戰也就開始了。

到此為止，關于申請和派出階段的流程就基本寫完了，這個過程我寫了兩千多字，看起來十分復雜，但是自己經歷過后其實也還好，畢竟申請這個過程到后來出發大概經歷了小半年的時間，需要做的事情就那么些，安排好去做，就一定沒問題。聯合培養本身也不是什么大事，對于我們來講只是生活中的一段插曲，更多的是豐富自己研究生的經歷，增加自己積累和拓寬自己的見識。聯合培養是沒有學歷的，所以也有很多申請的同學建議，直接申請學位生，如果可以申請到名額的話，留學基金委對于學費也會全部承擔的，也絕對是更好的機會。

又是一年申請季，祝師弟師妹可以有機會可以試試看。有句話講：故土依舊，常回家看看；世界很大，該出去走走。我希望師弟師妹們都可以申請到理想的學校能多去一個地方看看，去豐富自己的研究生生活。
下面都是在網上找的一些附件：
想與各位蟲友分享一封一位外國教授給我寫的推薦信（風格與國內教授不太一樣）。
大概4月份初的時候，這位意大利教授告訴我他與他的同事準備在9月份申請一個博士職位，希望我能過去。因為我不想等那么久，所以就婉言謝絕了他，并告訴他我現在正在申請歐洲其他國家的機會，希望他能給我寫一封推薦信。他給我回復到：It is always my pleasure to help you.......附件中就放著在他簽名后掃描成PDF格式的推薦信，如下：
To Whom It May Concern,
This is to confirm that Mr. Wang worked in collaboration with me for a period of several months, during which time he carried out research work on problems of metal fatigue and non destructive tests. Specifically this included the applications of Lock-in Thermography and Quantitative Thermographic Methodology for rapid predictions of the fatigue limit and fatigue S-N curve of metals. Both theoretical and experimental works were carried out and the results of the developed methodology are very interesting.
I appreciated Mr. Wang’s work a lot, and we are looking forward to opportunities to continue the collaboration. This collaboration has already resulted in one paper presented by Mr. Wang at the ICEM 2008, the International Conference on Experimental Mechanics; I expect several more publications will occur later.
These activities have formed part of an ongoing relationship between the University of **** (Italy) and the University of *** (China), which we value very highly.
I hope this letter would be helpful for Mr. Wang’s admission to your PhD program.
Yours sincerely,
Vincenzo
最后，我告訴他我已經拿到了Offer。意大利教授回復到：
I knew that, as Prof. Xavier sent me an email asking more information about you and I confirmed everything written in my recommendation letter. I'm a little sorry for that, but I hope all the best for you. In my opinion, the human and work experiences in other countries are important and formative as it happened to me.

關于聯系導師 途徑一般有兩個：

1、由文獻中的通訊Email聯系；

2、去大學的主頁上找相關導師
找到合適的導師后就要給導師發Email了，這時候Email標題很重要，下面幾個可供參考：visting student support by CSC；Asking for a visiting student；ask for Ph.D position等類似的即可

聯系導師的Email內容模板可以參考如下：

Dear ×××,
My name is ×××, I'm a second year graduate student from ××× universiry ,majoring in ×××, and will graduate to get the Master's degree in June next year. I'm interested in research of ×××all the time, so I hope I can have a chance to go to study abroad to achieve my PhD degree.

At present, my government has paid more and more attention to overseas studying, and I'd like to tell you the policies of my government about sending students to study abroad. There is a special council called China Scholarship Council(CSC)which provides fund for excellent students to study abroad. The specific way is that students who want to study abroad through CSC should first apply for the certifications of tuition scholarship or tuition waiver from the universities they like and are yearning, then CSC will subsidize them with living expenses for about three to four years(PhD 4 years)during the period they study abroad. So I think this is really a precious chance for us, I hope I can grab it .

I have read the information about you and the Department of ×××, so I write this letter to consult that whether you'd like to enroll PhD students in 2010? If you do, please tell me the requirements of admission. Thank you very much.
Looking forword to your favorable reply.
Best wishes.

Dear Professor XX,
I am a potential graduate student from China. I am elated to find that your research matches my interest and my research experience perfectly, so I am writing to inquire the availability of combined master’s and PhD program in your group.
I got my Bachelor degree in Geological Engineering from XX University, one of the top universities in China, in June 2012, with GPA of 3.96 and rank the
3rd?out of 71 students.

My research interest is in rock mechanics and underground engineering. My graduation thesis is to study the surrounding rock stability of tunnel by using Finite Element Method.

I built a FEM model of tunnel with the assistance of ANSYS software, and studied the surrounding rock stability when the tunnel is built in difference depths and constructed in the rock masses range from intact hard rock to fractured soft rock. Now this paper is under review in the Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering. In the July 2012, I also did an internship in the XX Corps. I built a FEM model and used the finite strength reduction method to analyze the stability of slopes in XX Reservoir, which is situated is in XX Province. However, I still found that my knowledge and skills are limited. The desperately thirsty for knowledge makes me decide to pursue my further education.

I am elated to find that you have performed so many brilliant researches in the rock mechanics and tunnel engineering in the past decades. I am also strongly attracted by these fields, so it would be a really desirable thing if I can advance my study under your supervision. I believe that the education and training in your group would prepare me a bright academic future, and significantly transform my life. So I am writing to inquire the availability of combined master’s and PhD position in your group.

[Currently, Chinese government has dedicated special funding and encouraged its graduate students to pursue Doctoral degrees in the top foreign universities. So if the combined M.Sc./PhD position is available in your group and my tuition fees can be waved or covered by scholarship, I can apply my living expense from China Scholar Council (CSC). (If you want to apply CSC Scholarship···)]

If I am fortunate enough to join your group, I would pursue the research with great passion and perseverance. Likewise, I am confident that my sound academic background, my research experience, and my strong resolve to pursue further education would make me an ideal candidate for your group.
My Curriculum Vitae is enclosed/attached, I would appreciate if you can read it. I am looking forward to hearing from you.
Sincerely
XXX
Email: XXX
Phone: XXX

將此信發出去，就等待導師的回信即可。看導師的回復接著往下走就可以了。有的導師不太了解CSC所以有需要給導師解釋清楚。
關于CV
好的CV會給導師一個好的印象，所以CV要精心制作。
關于推薦信
聯系中的導師有的會要求發推薦信。

Dear Sir/Madam,
It is my great pleasure to recommend Miss **** as a worthy candidate for admission to your Ph.D. program and application for related financial aid.

I began to know Miss **** about two years ago on my Modern Casting class. During that semester, nearly thirty students took the course, but only after a few classes I began to pay special attention to her, because every class she took the front seat in the classroom and listened to me carefully. Each time I saw her eyes I could felt what a teacher desires most from a student: enthusiasm, concentration and positive communication. This enabled her to perform better than most of her fellow students and could put forward ingenious and well-thought ideas in free discussions. Also, of course, she was the top student in my class.

Furthermore, I would like to particularly point out what impressed me deeply about Miss ****. She has such a good sense of sincerity and responsibility that she helped me clean up the blackboard in almost every class break. It was easy to do others a favor for one time, but it was very difficult to maintain doing it time and time again. Afterwards, I have asked other teachers about this kind of thing and found the same case in other classes, which moved me strongly.

Through further contact with her, I find Miss **** takes an active attitude towards her major, and she has the habit of doing things carefully, which can be seen just from the schoolwork she presented in every class. Moreover, she also loves her life very much, and is often full of energy and vigor. Almost every person who has communicated with her can feel her zealousness.

Therefore, I would like to support Miss **** and strongly recommend her to your department for the reason that I believe if admitted, she will also excel herself in your program and make her contributions to your university.
Sincerely,
Professor of **** University
聯合培養邀請函要求的英文表述及模版參照

邀請函的具體要求（2008）

1．使用留學院校專用信紙
2．申請人的基本信息（包括姓名、出生日期、國內院校）
3．標明留學身份（聯合培養博士生，美國學校提供的身份應能申請J-1簽證，學生應向美方學校索取DS2019表）
4．留學的起止時間和留學期限
5．明確指導教師，留學專業或受邀人在國外要從事的研究課題
6．費用情況（是否免學費或提供學費，是否收取注冊費或提供其他工作機會等。如收取學費，又提供資助或工作職位，則應標明具體額度。）
7．注明申請人的外語水平符合國外院校的要求
8．外方負責人的聯系方式及發邀請人的簽字
9．如申請專項獎學金項目，需要對方在邀請信中明確推薦意見。
我當時給導師寫的邀請請說明：

Dear Prof.*** :
************

Applicant should also be demanded to submit invitation letter to China Scholarship Council (CSC). If possible, I sincerely want to obtain invitation letter from you and I’ll be very appreciate about it. Please don’t hesitate to contact me if you have any question. According to the proposition of CSC, the invitation letter should contain following items.
a. Use special letter paper of host institution
b. b. Contain basic information of applicant, such as name, birth date and domestic institution
c. Indicate the station of applicant in host institution. Applicant could apply for J-1 with the station (I am visiting scholar?)
d. Indicate duration of study abroad
e. Indicate study topic and host supervisor of applicant
f. Indicate tuition of study (Exchanging student should be free of tuition)
g. Indicate intellectual rights of applicant’s work. (For the convention of my school, the intellectual rights should be shared by domestic institution and host institution. The applicant should be the first author of his/her work, the domestic institution should be the first unit and host supervisor should be corresponding author.)
h. Indicate English level of applicant meeting demands of Ph.D. study
i. Corresponding address and signature of the host supervisor
I’m sorry to disturb you so much and thank you again for your kindness.
Best wishes,
Sincerely yours, 研究計劃模板： AA大學“國家建設高水平大學

公派研究生項目”研修計劃
研究課題名稱

Research Title:
Minimization of energy requirement for producing solid fuel from sewage sludge employing hydrothermal treatment

科研課題背景介紹

Research Background:
In China, over 1.58×107?tons of dewatered sewage sludge, with 80% water content, was generated from wastewater treatment plant in 2008. About 60% of the organic substances, removed during the wastewater treatment process, become concentrated as sludge.

Traditional disposal methods used by municipal solid waste treatment facilities, including landfills, composting, and incineration, are unsuitable for sludge disposal because of its high moisture content. Few proper sludge treatments or disposal methods are currently applied in China. The treatment and disposal of sewage sludge are significant environmental problems and have therefore become a major focus of current environmental protection policies.

Sludge incineration has received worldwide attention as an effective approach to reduce the quantity and toxicity of sludge.

In Japan, most of burnable wastes are incinerated. However, direct sludge incineration is not cost-efficient and creates unstable burning which generates large amounts of gaseous pollutants. Currently, bio-energy is an excellent energy recycling technology with bright prospect, given its ability to turn refuse into energy. As such, in recent years refuse-derived fuel (RDF) technology has become a refuse processing technology adopted by advanced nations in Europe, America, and Japan etc.

In China, sewage sludge was mixed with auxiliary fuels, sulfur-fixating agents, and preservatives. The blends were granulated generating sludge-derived fuel (traditional SDF, T-SDF). Most researchers focused mainly on the T-SDF technology and have made important contribution to understand the combustion characteristics of T-SDF.

However, all these technologies relied mainly on adding a large number of coals (about 50%) to improve the heat value and lower the moisture content of fuels. The heat value of T-SDF depends merely on the quantity and proportion of auxiliary fuels, not the reduction of water content of sludge. In some extent, this process realizes sludge recycling and harmless treatment.

However, the volume and weight of T-SDF are also increased, resulting in increase of operating cost.
Moreover, the small proportion (about ~40%) of sludge in the T-SDF leads to a lower capacity that cannot meet the needs of sludge treatment. Therefore, it is urgent for us to find a cost-effective and energy-saving way to realize sludge recycling, harmless treatment and reduction.

The core issue to produce solid fuel from sewage sludge is how to efficiently remove the water from sludge. The object of this project is to minimize the energy requirements for producing cost-effective and applicable solid fuel from sewage sludge.
Hydrothermal treatment (or thermal hydrolysis) is a process in which the sludge is heated as an aqueous phase to temperatures (normally) varying between 120 and about 400°C.

The hydrothermal treatment process aims to disintegrate the sludge and result in a formation and accumulation of dissolved products. This makes it possible to recover and recycle useful resources from the sludge, such as volatile fatty acids, phosphorous compounds, organic compounds for enhanced anaerobic biogas production, and coagulants. After hydrothermal treatment, the sludge and other waste biomass can be dehydrated by mechanical methods and dried under natural circumstances easily, used as substituted fuel which we called it novel sludge-derived fuel (N-SDF) in this research.

His research will study the influence of hydrothermal conditions on natural drying characteristics of sewage sludge and other waste biomass, the drying mechanisms of hydrothermal treatment sludge and waste biomass. This research will not only drive the development of sludge treatment technologies but also lend a hand to other waste biomass treatment.

In previous studies, we found that the N-SDF produced from sewage sludge by employing the hydrothermal treatment is easier when drying under natural circumstances. After 24h natural drying, about 50% water was removed. Comparing with raw sludge, the drying is faster. Obviously, the heat value of N-SDF can be improved further, which increase the stability of combustion. However, some factors are still unclear and needed to be studied further, limiting its popularization and applications. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct this research.