Identifying Anions & Cations REQUIRED PRACTICAL 4 Test Tube Reactions Simple test tube reactions can be done to identify the following ions: Group 2 ions (M2+) Ammonium ions (NH4+) Halid...
Rate of Reaction REQUIRED PRACTICAL 3 Factors which affect the rate of a chemical reaction During a reaction, the?reactants?are used up and changed into the?products The rate of a chemical r...
Measurement of an Enthalpy Change REQUIRED PRACTICAL 2 Measuring enthalpy changes Calorimetry?is a technique used to measure changes in enthalpy of chemical reactions A?calorimeter?can be ma...
Volumetric Analysis REQUIRED PRACTICAL 1 Performing the Titration The key piece of equipment used in the titration is the burette Burettes?are usually marked to a precision of 0.10 cm3 Since...
Mechanism: Electrophilic Addition Electrophilic addition Alkenes undergo electrophilic addition reactions In an electrophilic addition reaction, two reactants form only one product So, elect...
Mechanism: Elimination In an elimination reaction, a small molecule is removed leaving behind an alkene This is another reaction of halogenoalkanes The halogenoalkanes are?heated?with?ethano...
Mechanism: Nucleophilic Substitution A?nucleophile?is an electron-rich species that can?donate?a pair of electrons ‘Nucleophile’ means ‘nucleus/positive charge loving’ as nucleophiles are at...
Mechanism: Free Radical Substitution Chain reactions A?free radical?is a species with one (or more than one) unpaired electrons The diagram shows a free radical which has one unpaired electr...
Interpreting a Mass Spectrum Mass spectroscopy?is an analytical technique used to identify unknown compounds The molecules in the small sample are?bombarded?with high energy electrons which ...
