Biodegradability Biodegradable polymers Both polyesters and polyamides can be broken down using hydrolysis reactions This is a major advantage over the polymers produced using alkene monomer...
Quaternary Ammonium Salts Quaternary ammonium salts?are chemical analogues to ammonium chloride, NH4Cl, in which the hydrogens have been replaced by four alkyl groups They are very useful in...
Nucleophilic Addition–Elimination An important class of reactions that ammonia and amines undergo is?nucleophilic substitution?with acyl chlorides (or acid chlorides) and acid anhydrides The...
Nucleophilic Substitution The lone pair on the nitrogen atom in amines makes them good?nucleophiles, just like ammonia When ammonia reacts with a haloalkane a nucleophilic substitution react...
Basic Properties The nitrogen atom in ammonia and amine molecules can?accept?a?proton?(H+?ion) They can therefore act as?bases?in aqueous solutions by?donating?its lone pair of electrons to ...
ALevel CS大綱里要求我們掌握抽象和分解的概念，事實上，歷年真題里也有很多反應這兩種方法的題目，抽象和分解也是我們解決問題的一種思路，那么什么是抽象？什么是分解呢？ 什么是抽象？ 抽象是指看問題時過濾調...
Friedel–Crafts Acylation Arenes are very stable compounds due to the?delocalisation of π electrons?in the ring This is because the negative charge is spread out over the molecule instead of ...
Nitration The?electrophilic substitution?reaction in arenes consists of?three steps: Generation of an?electrophile Electrophilic attack Regenerating?aromaticity Mechanism of electroph...
在眾多家長學生眼里，A-Level申英國，AP申美國，八竿子打不著。 好吧，說個留學過期冷知識：A-Level，IB，AP都可以英美同申。而且A-Level可以在部分美國大學換分~ 事實上，A-Level課程的作用非常大，在美國和AP課...
Manufacture of Aspirin Manufacture of Aspirin Acylation reactions have many uses, such as in the pharmaceutical and textile industries for making drugs, e.g. aspirin, and textiles, e.g. cell...
Acyl Groups Acyl groups Acyl groups can be built into many molecules using acyl chlorides or acid anhydrides (known as acylating agents) Acyl chlorides are?derivatives of carboxylic acids?by...
Ester Hydrolysis Hydrolysis of Esters - Acid The reverse of the esterification reaction is called?hydrolysis Ester hydrolysis is a useful reaction for creating biodegradable plastics Esters ...
