Measurement of an Enthalpy Change REQUIRED PRACTICAL 2 Measuring enthalpy changes Calorimetry?is a technique used to measure changes in enthalpy of chemical reactions A?calorimeter?can be ma...
Volumetric Analysis REQUIRED PRACTICAL 1 Performing the Titration The key piece of equipment used in the titration is the burette Burettes?are usually marked to a precision of 0.10 cm3 Since...
Mechanism: Electrophilic Addition Electrophilic addition Alkenes undergo electrophilic addition reactions In an electrophilic addition reaction, two reactants form only one product So, elect...
Mechanism: Elimination In an elimination reaction, a small molecule is removed leaving behind an alkene This is another reaction of halogenoalkanes The halogenoalkanes are?heated?with?ethano...
Mechanism: Nucleophilic Substitution A?nucleophile?is an electron-rich species that can?donate?a pair of electrons ‘Nucleophile’ means ‘nucleus/positive charge loving’ as nucleophiles are at...
Mechanism: Free Radical Substitution Chain reactions A?free radical?is a species with one (or more than one) unpaired electrons The diagram shows a free radical which has one unpaired electr...
Interpreting a Mass Spectrum Mass spectroscopy?is an analytical technique used to identify unknown compounds The molecules in the small sample are?bombarded?with high energy electrons which ...
Elimination Reactions Elimination Reaction of Alcohols Alcohols can also undergo?dehydration?to form alkenes This is an example of an elimination reaction Elimination reactions involve a sma...
Combustion of Alcohols Combustion of alcohols Alcohols react with oxygen in the air when ignited and undergo?complete combustion?to form carbon dioxide and water alcohol + oxygen → carbon di...
申請英本直升，一般最晚需要在當年6-7月前提供最終雅思成績，因為若不能及時提供合格雅思成績，便無法換取無條件offer。比如，LSE需要學生在7.31之前遞交語言成績。 眼看著DDL越來越近，然而一些手握offer的A2同...
Oxidation of Alcohols Oxidation of alcohols Primary alcohols can be oxidised to form?aldehydes?which can undergo further oxidation to form?carboxylic?acids Secondary alcohols can be oxidised to for...
Alcohol Production Alcohols?are compounds that contain at least one?hydroxy?(-OH) group The general formula of alcohols is?CnH2n+1OH Alcohols can be prepared by a wide range of chemical reac...
