Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions of Halogenoalkanes Halogenoalkanes?are much more reactive than alkanes due to the presence of the?electronegative?halogens The halogen-carbon bond is polar causi...
Production of Halogenoalkanes: Substitution & Addition Reactions Halogenoalkanes?are alkanes that have one or more halogens They can be produced from: Free-radical substitution?of?alkanes Elect...
Alkenes: Stability of Cations & Markovnikov's Rule Carbocations?are positively charged carbon atoms with only three covalent bonds instead of four There are three types of carbocations: primary...
Alkenes: Electrophilic Addition The double bond in alkenes is an area of high electron density (there are four electrons found in this double bond) This makes the double bond susceptible to attack ...
TMUA這兩年突然“異軍突起”，先是2021年劍橋宣布所有申請(qǐng)計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)的學(xué)生都要考 TMUA；再是今年劍橋砍掉 ECAA，改為 TMUA?？梢哉f TMUA 是這兩年劍橋最重視的考試了！連LSE 都官網(wǎng)鼓勵(lì)申請(qǐng)學(xué)生考TMUA。為什么TMUA...
Test for Unsaturation Halogens can be used to test if a molecule is?unsaturated?(i.e. contains a double bond) Br2(aq) is an orange or yellow solution, called?bromine water?and this is the halogen m...
Reactions of Alkenes Alkenes are very useful compounds as they can undergo many types of reactions They can therefore be used as starting molecules when making new compounds Electrophilic addition ...
Production of Alkenes: Elimination, & Dehydration Reactions & Cracking Alkenes can be made by a series of reactions including?elimination,?dehydration reactions?and?cracking Elimination rea...
Combustion of Alkanes & the Environment Cars’?exhaust fumes?include toxic gases such as?carbon monoxide?(CO),?oxides of nitrogen?(NO/NO2) and?volatile organic compounds?(VOCs) When released int...
Unreactivity of Alkanes Strength of C-H bonds Alkanes consist of carbon and hydrogen atoms which are bonded together by?single?bonds Unless a lot of heat is supplied, it is difficult to break these...
Obtaining Useful Compounds by Cracking Crude oil Crude oil is a?mixture?of hydrocarbons containing?alkanes,?cycloalkanes?and?arenes?(compounds with a benzene ring) The crude oil is?extracted?from t...
Free Radical Substitution Mechanism Alkanes can undergo?free-radical substitution?in which a hydrogen atom gets?substituted?by a halogen (chlorine/bromine) Ultraviolet?light?(sunlight)?is needed fo...
