Br?nsted–Lowry Theory The Br?nsted-Lowry Theory?defines acids and bases in terms of proton transfer between chemical compounds A?Br?nsted-Lowry acid?is a species that?gives away?a?proton?(H+) A?Br?...
Common Acids An?acid?is a substance that?neutralises?a base forming a?salt?and?water: 2HCl(aq) + CaO(s) ? CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) acid??????????????????????????????? salt Acids react with bases to form ...
Haber & Contact Processes Equilibrium reactions are involved in some stages of large-scale production of certain chemicals An understanding of equilibrium and Le Chatelier’s principle is theref...
Changes that Affect the Equilibrium Constant Changes in concentration If all other conditions stay the same, the equilibrium constant?Kc?is?not affected?by any changes in concentration of the react...
Equilibrium Constant: Calculations Calculations involving?Kc In the equilibrium expression each figure within a square bracket represents the concentration in?mol dm-3 The?units?of?Kc?therefore dep...
Equilibrium Constant: Concentrations Equilibrium expression & constant The?equilibrium expression?is an expression that links the?equilibrium constant,?Kc, to the?concentrations of reactants an...
Le Chatelier's Principle Position of the equilibrium The?position of the equilibrium?refers to the relative amounts of products and reactants in an equilibrium mixture. When the position of equilib...
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Reversible Reactions & Dynamic Equilibrium Reversible reaction Some reactions go to completion where the reactants are used up to form the products and the reaction stops when all of the reacta...
Oxidising & Reducing Agents Oxidising agent An oxidising agent?is a substance that?oxidises?another atom or ion by causing it to lose electrons An oxidising agent itself gets?reduced – gains el...
Balancing Redox Reactions Oxidation numbers can be used to balance chemical equations Roman numerals between brackets are used to show the ox. no. of an atom that can have multiple oxidation states...
Oxidation Numbers The oxidation numbers (also known as oxidation state) is a number given to each atom or ion in a compound to keep track of how many electrons they have In a single ion or molecula...
