Ionisation Energies: Trends Ionisation energies show?periodicity?- a trend across a period of the Periodic Table As could be expected from their electronic configuration, the group I metals have a ...
Ionisation Energies The?Ionisation?Energy?(IE) of an element is the amount of energy required to remove?one mole?of electrons from?one mole?of gaseous atoms of an element to form?one mole?of gaseou...
Determining Electronic Configurations Writing out the?electronic?configuration?tells us how the electrons in an atom or ion are arranged in their shells, subshells and orbitals This can be done usi...
Electron Configurations: Basics The?electron configuration?gives information about the number of electrons in each?shell, subshell?and?orbital?of an atom The subshells are filled in order of increa...
Electron Orbitals Each shell can be divided further into?subshells, labelled s, p, d and f Each subshell can hold a specific number of orbitals: s subshell : 1 orbital p subshell : 3 orbitals label...
Electron Shells: Basics Shells The arrangement of electrons in an atom is called the?electronic?configuration Electrons are arranged around the nucleus in?principal energy levels?or?principal quant...
Isotopes: Basics Isotopes are atoms of the?same?element?that contain the same number of?protons?and electrons but a different number of?neutrons The symbol for an isotope is the?chemical?symbol?(or...
Atomic & Ionic Radius Atomic radius The?atomic?radius?of an element is a measure of the size of an atom It is?half?the distance between the two?nuclei?of two covalently bonded atoms of the same...
Determining the Subatomic Structure of Atoms & Ions An atom is?neutral?and has no overall charge Ions on the other hand are formed when atoms either?gain?or?lose?electrons, causing them to beco...
Mass & Charge Distribution The mass of an atom is?concentrated?in the nucleus, because the nucleus contains the heaviest subatomic particles (the neutrons and protons) The mass of the electron ...
Structure of an Atom All matter is composed of?atoms, which are the smallest parts of an element that can take place in?chemical reactions Atoms are mostly made up of?empty?space?around a very smal...
GMOs in Food: Social & Ethical Implications The genetic modification of microorganisms for the production of medicines, antibiotics and enzymes raises little debate compared to the use of genet...
