How Vaccines Work A?vaccine?is a suspension of?antigens?that are intentionally put into the body to induce?artificial active immunity. A specific immune response where?antibodies?are released by?pl...
Types of Immunity Active immunity Active immunity?is acquired when an antigen enters the body triggering a specific immune response (antibodies are produced) Active immunity is?naturally acquired?t...
Use of Monoclonal Antibodies Diagnostic uses of monoclonal antibodies Monoclonal antibodies can be used?diagnostically?for: Pregnancy tests Diagnosing HIV Detecting the presence of pathogens such a...
The Hybridoma Method Monoclonal antibodies are artificially produced antibodies produced from a single B cell clone The?hybridoma method?is a method used to make?monoclonal antibodies?(Mabs) The me...
Antibodies: Structure & Functions Structure Antibodies are?globular glycoproteins?called?immunoglobulins Antibodies have a?quaternary?structure (which is represented as?Y-shaped), with?two ‘hea...
Memory Cells & Long-Term Immunity During an immune response, B-lymphocytes form?two types of cell:?plasma cells?and?memory cells Memory cells form the basis of?immunological memory?– the cells ...
Primary Immune Response (Advanced) Lymphocytes?are another type of white blood cell They play an important part in the?specific?immune response They are?smaller?than phagocytes They have a?large nu...
Antigens, Self & Non-Self Every cell in the human body has?markers?that?identify?it Microorganisms (both pathogenic and non-pathogenic), such as bacteria and viruses, also have their own unique...
Phagocytes: Origin & Mode of Action Phagocytes are white blood cells that are produced continuously in the?bone marrow They are stored in the bone marrow before being?distributed around the bod...
Consequences of Antibiotic Resistance Consequences of antibiotic resistance Commonly prescribed antibiotics are becoming?less effective?for many reasons, the main being: Overuse of antibiotics?and ...
Resistance to Antibiotics: An Outline Within a bacterial population, there is?variation?caused by?mutations?(as occurs in populations of all species) A chance mutation might cause some bacteria to ...
Penicillin: Why it Affects Bacteria & Not Viruses Antibiotics?are?drugs?that?kill or stop the growth of bacteria?(prokaryotes) but do not harm the cells of the infected organism Some antibiotic...
