Nucleotide Structure & the Phosphodiester Bond Both DNA and RNA are?polymers?that are made up of?many repeating units?called?nucleotides Each nucleotide is formed from: A?pentose sugar?(...
Practical Skill: Control of Variables & Uncertainty Enzyme rate experiments?are experiments that are carried out to determine the?effect?of?changing?a particular?factor?on the?rate of a ...
Students should be able to: Appreciate the Models & Functions of Enzyme Action Models of enzyme action Scientists often use?models?to explain their observations from experiments As techn...
Enzyme Inhibitors An enzyme's activity can be reduced or stopped, temporarily, by a reversible inhibitor There are?two types?of reversible inhibitors: Competitive?inhibitors have a?similar s...
Rate: Substrate Concentration The?greater?the?substrate concentration, the?higher?the?rate of reaction: As the number of substrate molecules increases, the likelihood of enzyme-substrate com...
Rate: Enzyme Concentration Enzyme concentration affects the rate of reaction The?higher?the?enzyme concentration?in a reaction mixture, the?greater the number of active sites?available and the?grea...
Maths Skill: Calculating pH If the?hydrogen ion?(H+) concentration of a solution is known, the?pH?can be calculated using the equation: pH?=?-log?? [H?] You can find the?‘log’?function on yo...
Rate: pH All enzymes have an?optimum pH?or a pH at which they operate best Enzymes are?denatured?at extremes of pH Hydrogen?and ionic bonds?hold the tertiary structure of the protein (ie. th...
Rate: Temperature Enzymes have a?specific optimum temperature?– the temperature at which they catalyse a reaction at the?maximum rate Lower temperatures?either?prevent?reactions from proceed...
