Atomic Mass Unit The unified atomic mass unit?(u or sometimes a.m.u)?is roughly equal to the mass of one proton or neutron: 1 u = 1.66 × 10?27?kg This value is provided on the exam data sheet The a...
Nuclear Binding Energy Experiments into nuclear structure have found that the total mass of a nucleus is?less?than the sum of the masses of its constituent nucleons This difference in mass is known...
The Hubble Constant By rearranging the equation for Hubble’s law, we can determine that the Hubble constant,?H0, is: Where: v?= recessional velocity of an object (km s–1) d?= distance between the o...
Redshift Equation Recall the Doppler effect is defined as: The apparent change in wavelength or frequency of the radiation from a source due to its relative motion away from or toward the observer ...
Doppler Shift If a wave source is stationary, the wavefronts spread out?symmetrically If the wave source is moving, the waves can become?squashed?together or?stretched?out If the wave source is mov...
The Life Cycle of Stars The life cycle of stars go in predictable stages The exact route a star's development takes depends on its initial mass Initial Stages for All Masses The first four stages i...
近些年，越來越多的家長意識到國際教育的重要性，A-level課程也成為眾多家長和學生的首選。今天就為大家盤點一下，Alevel課程A*高分及最難的科目，為進入世界頂級學府做準備。 Alevel的A*標準 Alevel的每一科考試...
The Hertzsprung - Russell Diagram Danish astronomer Ejnar Hertzsprung, and American astronomer Henry Noris Russell, independently plotted the?luminosity?of different stars against their?temperature...
Determining distance using standard candles Standard Candles A standard candle is defined as: An astronomical object which has a known luminosity due to a characteristic quality possessed by that c...
