Thin Layer Chromatography Principles of Chromatography Chromatography is a technique that enables the separation of mixtures and includes: thin-layer chromatography (TLC) column chromatograp...
Proton NMR - Introduction Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)?spectroscopy is used for analysing organic compounds All samples are measured against a reference compound –?Tetramethylsilane (TMS) ?Tetr...
Using Carbon-13 Data Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is used for analysing organic compounds Atoms with odd mass numbers usually show signals on NMR For example, isotopes of at...
Using Mass Spectra At AS level, you have used mass spectrometry to determine: Relative atomic mass from isotopic abundance Possible molecular formulae from molecular ion peaks Organic struct...
Melting & Boiling Point Determination Melting point determination The melting point of a solid is indicative of its purity and identity A melting point can be matched to a known substanc...
Purification Methods There are different methods to purify organic compounds, including: Solvent extraction / use of a separating funnel Use of drying agents Recrystallisation Solvent extrac...
Distillation & Refluxing Simple distillation Simple distillation is a common practical completed in organic chemistry It is used as there are times that a reaction does not go to complet...
Grignard Reagents If we need to increase the chain length we can use?Grignard reagents Preparing Grignard reagents? A halogenoalkane is dissolved in dry ether and reacted with magnesium to p...
Planning Reaction Schemes A large number of organic products are made from a few starting compounds using appropriate reagents and conditions Knowing how organic functional groups are relate...
