Preparation of an Ester This required practical covers the following mandatory skills use water bath or electric heater or sand bath for heating use laboratory apparatus for a variety of exp...
Reactions of Metal-Aqua Ions In this practical activity, test tube reactions of copper(II), iron(II), iron(III) and aluminium ions with three bases are investigated 10 drops of the metal-aqu...
Identifying Ions Testing for positive ions Simple test tube reactions can be done to identify the following positive ions: Group 2 ions (M2+) Ammonium ions (NH4+) If the sample to be ...
Autocatalysis Experiments Autocatalysis Experiment - Titration with sodium thiosulfate Autocatalysis occurs when one of the products catalyses the reaction Potassium manganate(VII) will reac...
Colorimetry & Complex Ions Colorimetry & Complex Ions Colorimetry can be used to measure the absorption of radiation using a colorimeter This uses a lamp as a source of white light, ...
Vanadium Oxidation States Vanadium Oxidation States Vanadium is a transition metal which has variable oxidation states Vanadate(V) ions can be reduced to oxidised vanadium species with the o...
Redox Titrations Redox Titrations Iron has variable oxidation states and this characteristic can be exploited in redox titrations of Fe2+?with MnO4-?or Cr2O72- Both the manganate(VII) ion an...
Ligand Substitution Experiments Ligand Substitution Experiments The factors that affect the colour formed for different transition metal ion solutions are: type of ligand change in oxidation...
Testing Period 3 Oxides Forming Period 3 Oxides Period 3 elements from sodium to sulfur react with oxygen, forming an oxide with the period 3 element in its highest possible oxidation state ...
Making Buffers Buffers can be made by a?direct?or?indirect?method The?direct?method involves measuring out the exact quantities needed of a solution of a weak acid and its salt The?indirect?...
Titration Curves Titration or pH curves are obtained by reacting known concentrations of acid with alkalis and measuring the pH during the neutralisation A suitable selection to use would be...
Finding Ka The?Ka?of a weak acid may be determined by finding the pH at the half equivalence point At the half equivalence point?Ka?= [H+] Key steps in the procedure A pH probe or meter is c...
