Rate Equations The??rate of reaction?can be found by: Measuring the decrease in the concentration of a reactant over time Measuring the increase in the concentration of a product over time The unit...
Free Energy & Equilibrium When ΔG?< 0 for a reaction at constant temperature and pressure, the reaction is spontaneous When a reversible reaction reaches equilibrium, the Gibbs free energy i...
Spontaneous Reactions Gibbs free energy provides an effective way of focusing on a reaction system at constant temperature and pressure to determine its spontaneity For a reaction to be spontaneous...
Gibbs Free Energy Change Gibbs free energy The feasibility of a reaction is determined by two factors, the?enthalpy change?and the??[popover id="F7rfknVfbfcSJVkN" label='entropy?change'] The two fa...
Calculating Standard Entropy Change The standard molar enthalpy values,?S?, relate to standard conditions of temperature and pressure The entropy change, ΔS?, can be calculated from thermodynamic d...
Entropy Entropy You may have wondered why it is that?endothermic?reactions occur at all, after all, what can be the driving force behind endothermic reactions if the products end up in a less stabl...
Measuring Energy Changes in the Lab Enthalpies of Solution Calorimetry can be used to find the energy change in chemical reactions. This is much easier to carry out in aqueous solutions We can take...
Dissolution Energy Cycles How are enthalpy of solution and hydration enthalpies related? The relationship between lattice enthalpy, hydration enthalpies and enthalpy of solution From the diagram we...
Born-Haber Cycle Calculations Once a Born-Haber cycle has been constructed, it is possible to calculate the lattice energy (ΔHlat?) by applying Hess’s law and rearranging: ΔHf??= ΔHat??+ ΔHat??+?IE...
